Medium entrainment considered as flow

<b>[Michiel] "2) The medium is entrained by mass in such a way that the velocity of the medium is constant and non-zero at the surface of the mass."

[LB] "And roughly a century of observaional evidence says that if there is a medium, it cannot have a velocity at the surface of Earth."</b>

To be clear, I am talking about the light carrying medium here. I'm pretty sure you were too, but it seems prudent to state it explicitly to preclude the possibility of miscommunication.

===

However, the graviton medium (which is the primary cause of the entrainment of the light carying medium around each mass) must have a (net inward) velocity at the surface of each mass.

So your interpretation #1 works for the light carying medium and your interpretation #2 works for the graviton medium.

In his book <i>Dark Matter ...</i> Tom designed a universe from scratch, one particle at a time. (If you have not read AND THOUGHT ABOUT the first two or three chaptes, you are missing a rare treat.) When he got close to a complete universe, the need for these two separate particle fields just sort of fell out into his lap. Such is the power of deductive logic relative to inductive logic.

LB

I take the assumption that the light carrying medium is part of what we call 'dark matter'. Considering the Solar System, this dark matter constitutes a significant mass (exceeding visible mass) that rotates around the Sun in the same way as visible mass (including the planets) does.

So planets do not really entrain the surrounding medium. The surrounding medium just happens to have the same speed.

We can measure the exact velocity of the medium relative to the surface of the rotating Earth through the Michelson Gale experiment.
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1925ApJ....61..140M

The medium rotating around the solar system has the largest angular velocity in the plane of the solar sytem. If a planet moves away from the plane of the Solar System, then this planet will become subject to the Bernouilli effect thereby pulling the planet back towards the plane of the solar system. This mechanism explains why the planets are kept largely in a single plane.

The medium stops rotating at a certain distance from the sun (order of magnitude 50 AU). At the point where the rotating medium of the solar system connects with the 'static medium' of the galaxy, we observe turbulence in the form of magnetic bubbles.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere

For a galaxy, the rotating medium of the galaxy keeps the stars with the plane of the galaxy ...
(and explains why galaxies tend to be flat, except for the middle where the medium rotation speed is limited).

Rotating media exercise a force upon each other which is observed as Gravitomagnetism.
So a solar system, through it's rotating medium, acts as a giant gravitomagnet.

This gravitomagnet can be tilted through other gravitomagnets (e.g. other solar systems or variations in the medium flow of the galaxy).
If this happens, the planets will displace themselves and will seek a new alignment according to the new orientation of the rotating medium.
This explains why the plane of the solar system and the sun's equator are not perfectly aligned.
For exoplanets a much more pronounced disalignment as been observed.

On the topic of "planetary displacement angle" and "stellar displacement angle".
Using the word 'drift' to explain the effect suggests that light would bend along with the direction of increased medium velocity.
But the observed effect is the opposite: light bends towards the direction where the medium velocity is higher.

This effect is indeed counter-intuitive ... It looks like being pushed upstream while crossing a river.
So looking for the appropriate wording ...

<b>[Bart] "I take the assumption that the light carrying medium is part of what we call 'dark matter'."</b>

Yes. I've been thinking along similar lines. I wonder if both the light carrying medium and the graviton medium might be candidates for dark matter and/or dark energy. There appears to be something in a vacuum. We can't quite detect it with certainty and repeatability, but we keep seeing glimpses of it. These real-world observations are not usually associated with the more theoretical dark matter/dark energy memes by the main stream, but we are not obligated to operate under such constraints.

Keep in mind the likelyhood that the mainstream will mean something else when they use these terms. For example, in some versions of dark matter theory, the density of dark matter is highest in the voids of deep space, and decreases as you approach each mass. The more massive the object, the lower the density.

LB

<b>[Bart] "Considering the Solar System, this dark matter constitutes a significant mass (exceeding visible mass) ..."</b>

We actually have no data to either support or refute such a claim. Consider the following questions:

<ul>
<li>What is the mass of an average particle comprising the light carying medium?</li>
<li> What is the average separation between such particles?</li>
<li> How far out from a mass does static entrainment go?</li>
<li> What is the overall shape of the <u>statically entrained</u> portion of the medium - spherical, elliptical, disk, other?</li></ul>
We do know that the individual particles are too small to be detected with present technology. Either that or they do not exist ...

And we know that they are small enough to penetrate normal matter.

How far apart are they? For theoretical reasons I believe that each particle repels all others. (I'll go into the details of how this works, and especially how they manage to stay in a mass instead of dissipating, later.) But without some observational or experimental data, I cannot say how far apart they are.

Suppose they are as far apart, on aveage, as the centers of a bath tub full of ping pong balls, and suppose they have an average mass of 10^-9 elecron masses, and suppose the entrained volume is shaped like a disk. Then the total mass of all the entrained LCM near a star like Sol could be less than the mass of a small moon.

These are just guesses, intended to illustrate the lower regions of parameter space for this concept. I have no data that leads me to conclude they are either close to or far from whatever answers we eventually find. If we can find some observations that mesh with these ideas, said observations might allow us to answer some of the quesions.

LB

<b>[Bart] "... that rotates around the Sun in the same way as visible mass (including the planets) does.

So planets do not really entrain the surrounding medium. The surrounding medium just happens to have the same speed."</b>

It is true that the medium entrained by a star will rotate with that star. And it will do so whether or not the star has any planets.

It will also do so if the star is not rotating.

===

In other words, for the case of a non-rotating star the statically entrained medium will also be <u>non-rotating</u>.

===

If there happened to be any planets in orbit of this star, however, each of them[1] would entrain portions of the medium, and these entrained portions would be moving with the planet.

LB

[1]
Remember, we do not know how large a mass must be for static entrainment to occur. The best we can do now is a lower limit. We know it happens on Earth, so that limit is one Earth mass or larger. Perhaps it happens on moons or even asteroids. We do not know yet.

Dynamic entrainment should occur around any sized mass.

<b>[Bart] "We can measure the exact velocity of the medium relative to the surface of the rotating Earth through the Michelson Gale experiment.</b> adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1925ApJ....61..140M

This link points to an abstract only, and few members of the audience are likely to have access to the full paper.

I found this discussion ...

renshaw.teleinc.com/papers/fizeau/fizeau.stm

... after searching for a few minutes. It is not likely to be as "authoritative" as yours, but it also discusses some related experiments and should give the audience a bit of understanding and some historical perspective.

If you find a reference that also lists the answer (speed and direction of the medium flow), I expect we would all be interested. Data for more than one location would also be of interest.

Thanks,
LB